In a recent study published in the journal cell metabolism, scientists investigated physiological responses to exercise. They considered the adaptations that occur in tissues due to chronic exercise and their cumulative role in improving cardiometabolic health.
Review: Exercise induces tissue-specific adaptations and enhances cardiometabolic health. Image credit: PeopleImages.com – Yuri A / Shutterstock
health benefits of exercise
Research shows that people who exercise regularly and achieve recommended levels of physical activity have a lower risk of a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, many types of cancer, and all-cause mortality. Shown. Current health recommendations recommend that adults do about 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, or 75 to 150 minutes of vigorous exercise, such as running, per week. Additionally, an ideal exercise routine should consist of activities that strengthen muscles and improve balance and endurance.
Although factors such as resistance, number of sets, rest intervals, and repetitions can be adjusted, the general principle of exercise therapy is progressive overload, increasing the load in steps to improve adaptive responses. The subsequent increase in energy demand also leads to changes in systemic metabolic homeostasis. This review examined the adaptive changes that occur in various tissues in response to chronic exercise. This review focused on resistance and endurance training with studies involving human intervention.
Energy demands and metabolic responses to exercise
Exercise causes intense energy demands, increasing the need for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by almost 100-fold, which is supplied through activation of both aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Short but intense exercise increases the utilization of anaerobic pathways and glycogen stores. However, increasing exercise time relies on aerobic ATP-generating metabolism, resulting in increased oxygen consumption, redistribution of blood flow to muscles, and cardiac output.
Furthermore, various signaling pathway networks and transcriptional programs that respond to muscle contraction, energy availability, hormone, ion, and oxygen availability, and redox status are activated during acute exercise. Transcriptional programs are activated by acute exercise in a tissue-specific manner through the involvement of various transcription factors, corepressors, and coactivators.
Role of exekaine in motor responses
Excelcaine is also discussed in this review. Excelkine is a term coined to define signaling molecules that are induced by exercise and affect various tissues through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine pathways. Exerkines include proteins such as cytokines, lipids, peptides, and metabolites, and various types of nucleic acids such as mitochondrial ribonucleic acid (mRNA), microRNA, and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The studies examined in the review discuss excelkine and its effects on various tissues and organs, including muscle, brain, liver, heart, intestines, adipose tissue, and pancreas.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the most widely studied excelkine, and researchers have shown that it not only regulates IL-6 secretion, but also plays a role in other processes such as lipolysis in adipose tissue and glucose uptake in the resting skeleton. The metabolic effects of IL-6 on the process were discussed. muscle, exercise-related glucose metabolism, and various other processes.
Multitissue regulation of acute exercise metabolism
Adaptation across different body systems
This review also investigated the various adaptations that occur as a result of chronic exercise and affect skeletal muscle, cardiovascular system, pancreas, brain, intestine, and adipose tissue. Among the cardiovascular fitness-related adaptations discussed were those associated with increased maximal oxygen consumption, such as increased hemoglobin content, red blood cell mass, and cardiac output. Additionally, adaptations such as increased mitochondrial function and capillary density that occur within muscle tissue were also discussed.
Other indications in this review included cardiac enlargement and remodeling and changes in the peripheral vasculature after prolonged strenuous exercise. This review also addresses changes in patterns of cardiac hypertrophy based on whether exercise training consists of endurance or resistance training.
Adaptations associated with skeletal muscle include increased aerobic energy production capacity, carbohydrate oxidation capacity, and higher mitochondrial biogenesis. Higher force generation capacity, increased cross-sectional area of muscle fibers due to attachment of myofibrillar proteins, and greater ability to generate energy non-oxidatively are some of the other adaptations of skeletal muscle associated with resistance exercise .
This review also extensively discusses adaptations to resistance exercise and endurance exercise in adipose tissue metabolism, liver function, and pancreatic metabolism involving β cells. The review also investigated changes in the gut microbiome and brain function due to chronic exercise, and their impact on overall health and reduced risk of various diseases.
conclusive insight
Overall, this review will discuss different types of chronic exercise therapy, such as endurance training and resistance training, and the physiological and biochemical adaptations to exercise training that contribute to improved health and reduced disease risk. A comprehensive summary of current knowledge about.
