Cao, X. et al. A comparative, correlate analysis and projection of global and regional life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, and their GAP. J. Glob. Health 10, 1995–2025 (2020).
Google Scholar
World Report on Disability 2011. World Health Organization (online) (2022, accessed 23 Jul 2022). https://www.who.int/teams/noncommunicable-diseases/sensory-functions-disability-and-rehabilitation/world-report-on-disability.
Kyu, W. et al. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392, 1859–1922 (2018).
Google Scholar
Decade of healthy ageing: Baseline report 2000. World Health Organization (online) (2022, accessed 23 Jul 2022). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240017900.
Konagaya, Y. & Watanabe, T. Evaluation of multimodal factors for the certification of long-term care insurance among community-dwelling elderly: A four-year follow-up study. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 51, 170–177 (2014).
Google Scholar
Jeong, S. W. et al. Mortality reduction with physical activity in patients with and without cardiovascular disease. Eur. Heart. J. 40, 3547–3555 (2019).
Google Scholar
Fujihara, K. et al. Combination of diabetes mellitus and lack of habitual physical activity is a risk factor for functional disability in Japanese. BMJ Open Diab. Res. Care 8, e000901 (2020).
Google Scholar
Fairhall, N. et al. Predicting participation restriction in community-dwelling older men: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project. Age Ageing 43, 31–37 (2014).
Google Scholar
Holmgren, M., Lindgren, A., de Munter, J., Rasmussen, F. & Ahlström, G. Impacts of mobility disability and high and increasing body mass index on health-related quality of life and participation in society: A population-based cohort study from Sweden. BMC Public Health 14, 381 (2014).
Google Scholar
Gaugler, J. E., Duval, S., Anderson, K. A. & Kane, R. L. Predicting nursing home admission in the US: A meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 7, 13 (2007).
Google Scholar
Okabe, T. et al. Age-specific risk factors for incident disability in activities of daily living among middle-aged and elderly community-dwelling Japanese women during an 8-9-year follow up: The Hizen-Oshima study. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 17, 1096–1101 (2017).
Google Scholar
Fong, J. H., Mitchell, O. S. & Koh, B. S. Disaggregating activities of daily living limitations for predicting nursing home admission. Health Serv. Res. 50, 560–578 (2015).
Google Scholar
Fried, L. P. & Guralnik, J. M. Disability in older adults: Evidence regarding significance, etiology, and risk. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 45, 92–100 (1997).
Google Scholar
Fong, J. H. Disability incidence and functional decline among older adults with major chronic diseases. BMC Geriatr. 19, 323 (2019).
Google Scholar
Timmis, A. et al. European society of cardiology: Cardiovascular disease statistics 2019. Eur. Heart. J. 41, 12–85 (2020).
Google Scholar
Hankey, G. J. et al. Rate, degree, and predictors of recovery from disability following ischemic stroke. Neurology 68, 1583 (2007).
Google Scholar
Hardie, K., Hankey, G. J., Jamrozik, K., Broadhurst, R. J. & Anderson, C. Ten-year risk of first recurrent stroke and disability after first-ever stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study. Stroke 35, 731–735 (2004).
Google Scholar
Govender, R. D., Al-Shamsi, S., Soteriades, E. S. & Regmi, D. Incidence and risk factors for recurrent cardiovascular disease in middle-eastern adults: A retrospective study. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 19, 253 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kirshner, H. S. Differentiating ischemic stroke subtypes: Risk factors and secondary prevention. J. Neurol. Sci. 279, 1–8 (2009).
Google Scholar
Mitra, S. & Sambamoorthi, U. Disability prevalence among adults: Estimates for 54 countries and progress toward a global estimate. Disabil. Rehabil. 36, 940–947 (2014).
Google Scholar
World Health O. WHO Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour (World Health Organization, 2020).
Wang, Y., Nie, J., Ferrari, G., Rey-Lopez, J. P. & Rezende, L. F. M. Association of physical activity intensity with mortality: A National cohort study of 403 681 US Adults. JAMA Intern. Med. 181, 203–211 (2021).
Google Scholar
Lacombe, J., Armstrong, M. E. G., Wright, F. L. & Foster, C. The impact of physical activity and an additional behavioural risk factor on cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality: A systematic review. BMC Public Health 19, 900 (2019).
Google Scholar
Kraus, W. E. et al. Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 51, 1270–1281 (2019).
Google Scholar
Roffi, M. et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart. J. 37, 267–315 (2016).
Google Scholar
Hankey, G. J. Secondary stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol. 13, 178–194 (2014).
Google Scholar
Fujihara, K. et al. Accuracy of Japanese claims data in identifying diabetes-related complications. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug. Saf. 30, 594–601 (2021).
Google Scholar
Tsutsui, T. & Muramatsu, N. Care-needs certification in the long-term care insurance system of Japan. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53, 522–527 (2005).
Google Scholar
Tsutsui, T. & Muramatsu, N. Japan’s universal long-term care system reform of 2005: Containing costs and realizing a vision. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 55, 1458–1463 (2007).
Google Scholar
Kondo, N., Suzuki, K., Minai, J. & Yamagata, Z. Positive and negative effects of finance-based social capital on incident functional disability and mortality: An 8-year prospective study of elderly Japanese. J. Epidemiol. 22, 543–550 (2012).
Google Scholar
Wen, C. P. et al. Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: A prospective cohort study. Lancet 378, 1244–1253 (2011).
Google Scholar
Ford, A. B. et al. Health and function in the old and very old. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 36, 187–197 (1988).
Google Scholar
Rodrigues, M. A., Facchini, L. A., Thumé, E. & Maia, F. Gender and incidence of functional disability in the elderly: A systematic review. Cad. Saude. Publ. 25, S464–S476 (2009).
Google Scholar
Annual Report on the Aging Society 2016. Cabinet Office, Government of Japan (online) (2022, accessed 23 Jul 2022). https://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/english/annualreport/2016/2016pdf_e.html.
Dhamoon, M. S., Longstreth, W. T., Bartz, T. M., Kaplan, R. C. & Elkind, M. S. V. Disability trajectories before and after stroke and myocardial infarction: The Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA Neurol. 74, 1439–1445 (2017).
Google Scholar
Rosano, C. et al. Subclinical brain magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities predict physical functional decline in high-functioning older adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 53(4), 649–654 (2005).
Google Scholar
Zaremba, J. & Losy, J. Early TNF-alpha levels correlate with ischaemic stroke severity. Acta Neurol. Scand. 104(5), 288–295 (2001).
Google Scholar
Ivey, F. M., Macko, R. F., Ryan, A. S. & Hafer-Macko, C. E. Cardiovascular health and fitness after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 12(1), 1–16 (2005).
Google Scholar
Gure, T. R., Kabeto, M. U., Blaum, C. S. & Langa, K. M. Degree of disability and patterns of caregiving among older Americans with congestive heart failure. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 23, 70–76 (2008).
Google Scholar
McMurray, J. J. & Stewart, S. Epidemiology, aetiology, and prognosis of heart failure. Heart 83, 596–602 (2000).
Google Scholar
Liu, J., Chi, I., Chen, G., Song, X. & Zheng, X. Prevalence and correlates of functional disability in Chinese older adults. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 9, 253–261 (2009).
Google Scholar
Cunningham, C., Sullivan, R., Caserotti, P. & Tully, M. A. Consequences of physical inactivity in older adults: A systematic review of reviews and meta-analyses. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports. 30, 816–827 (2020).
Google Scholar
Paterson, D. H. & Warburton, D. E. R. Physical activity and functional limitations in older adults: A systematic review related to Canada’s Physical Activity Guidelines. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 7, 38 (2010).
Google Scholar
Li, J. & Siegrist, J. Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease—a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 9, 391–407 (2012).
Google Scholar
den Ouden, M. E., Schuurmans, M. J., Arts, I. E. & van der Schouw, Y. T. Physical performance characteristics related to disability in older persons: A systematic review. Maturitas 69, 208–219 (2011).
Google Scholar
Fiuza-Luces, C. et al. Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: Beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 15, 731–743 (2018).
Google Scholar
Kumar, K. R. & Pina, I. L. Cardiac rehabilitation in older adults: New options. Clin. Cardiol. 43, 163–170 (2020).
Google Scholar
Vermeulen, J., Neyens, J. C., van Rossum, E., Spreeuwenberg, M. D. & de Witte, L. P. Predicting ADL disability in community-dwelling elderly people using physical frailty indicators: A systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 11, 33 (2011).
Google Scholar
Saunders, D. H. et al. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, CD003316 (2016).
Google Scholar
Lynch, E. A. et al. Activity monitors for increasing physical activity in adult stroke survivors. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 7, 012543 (2018).
Sergi, G. et al. Pre-frailty and risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly men and women: The Pro.V.A. study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 65, 976–983 (2015).
Google Scholar
de Labra, C., Guimaraes-Pinheiro, C., Maseda, A., Lorenzo, T. & Millán-Calenti, J. C. Effects of physical exercise interventions in frail older adults: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Geriatr. 15, 154 (2015).
Google Scholar
Pendlebury, S. T. & Rothwell, P. M. Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pre-stroke and post-stroke dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 8, 1006–1018 (2009).
Google Scholar