Asmundson, G. J. & Fergus, T. A. The Clinician’s Guide to Treating Health Anxiety 1–18 (Elsevier, 2019).
Tyrer, P. & Tyrer, H. The Clinician’s Guide to Treating Health Anxiety 35–42 (Elsevier, 2019).
Tyrer, P. COVID-19 health anxiety. World Psychiatry 19, 307–308 (2020).
Google Scholar
Asmundson, G. J. G. & Taylor, S. How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. J. Anxiety Disord. 71, 102211 (2020).
Google Scholar
Asmundson, G. J. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Richter, A. A. & Whedon, M. Health anxiety: Current perspectives and future directions. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 12, 306–312 (2010).
Google Scholar
Bailer, J. et al. Health anxiety and hypochondriasis in the light of DSM-5. Anxiety Stress Coping 29, 219–239 (2016).
Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Muse, K., McManus, F., Hackmann, A., Williams, M. & Williams, M. Intrusive imagery in severe health anxiety: Prevalence, nature and links with memories and maintenance cycles. Behav. Res. Ther. 48, 792–798 (2010).
Google Scholar
Cuthbert, B. N. et al. The psychophysiology of anxiety disorder: Fear memory imagery. Psychophysiology 40, 407–422 (2003).
Google Scholar
Cook, E. W., Melamed, B. G., Cuthbert, B. N., McNeil, D. W. & Lang, P. J. Emotional imagery and the differential diagnosis of anxiety. J. Cons. Clin. Psychol. 56, 734–740 (1988).
McTeague, L. M., Lang, P. J., Laplante, M.-C. & Bradley, M. M. Aversive imagery in panic disorder: Agoraphobia severity, comorbidity, and defensive physiology. Biol. Psychiatry 70, 415–424 (2011).
Google Scholar
McTeague, L. M. et al. Fearful imagery in social phobia: Generalization, comorbidity, and physiological reactivity. Biol. Psychiatry 65, 374–382 (2009).
Google Scholar
Hirsch, C. R. & Holmes, E. A. Mental imagery in anxiety disorders. Anxiety Disord. Part 1 of 3 6, 161–165 (2007).
Holmes, E. A. & Mathews, A. Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 349–362 (2010).
Google Scholar
Warwick, H. M. & Salkovskis, P. M. Hypochondriasis. Behav. Res. Ther. 28, 105–117 (1990).
Google Scholar
Benke, C., Schönborn, T., Habermann, N. & Pané-Farré, C. A. Health anxiety is associated with fearful imagery of contracting COVID-19: An experimental study. J. Affect. Disord. 298, 316–321 (2021).
Google Scholar
Gruszka, P. et al. Defence response mobilization in response to provocation or imagery of interoceptive sensations in adolescents with chronic pain. PAIN Rep. 3, e680 (2018).
Google Scholar
Witthöft, M. et al. Cognitive biases in pathological health anxiety. Clin. Psychol. Sci. 4, 464–479 (2016).
Du, X., Witthöft, M., Zhang, T., Shi, C. & Ren, Z. Interpretation bias in health anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol. Med. 53, 34–45 (2023).
Google Scholar
Fergus, T. A. & Asmundson, G. J. The Clinician’s Guide to Treating Health Anxiety 43–64 (Elsevier, 2019).
Hitchcock, P. B. & Mathews, A. Interpretation of bodily symptoms in hypochondriasis. Behav. Res. Ther. 30, 223–234 (1992).
Google Scholar
McTeague, L. M. et al. Aversive imagery in posttraumatic stress disorder: Trauma recurrence, comorbidity, and physiological reactivity. Biol. Psychiatry 67, 346–356 (2010).
Google Scholar
Lang, P. J., Kozak, M. J., Miller, G. A., Levin, D. N. & McLean, A. Emotional imagery: Conceptual structure and pattern of somato-visceral response. Psychophysiology 17, 179–192 (1980).
Google Scholar
Lang, P. J., McTeague, L. M. & Bradley, M. M. RDoC, DSM, and the reflex physiology of fear: A biodimensional analysis of the anxiety disorders spectrum. Psychophysiology 53, 336–347 (2016).
Google Scholar
McTeague, L. M. & Lang, P. J. The anxiety spectrum and the reflex physiology of defense: From circumcribed fear to broad distress. Depress. Anxiety 29, 264–281 (2012).
Google Scholar
Melzig, C. A., Holtz, K., Michalowski, J. M. & Hamm, A. O. Interoceptive threat leads to defensive mobilization in highly anxiety sensitive persons. Psychophysiology 48, 745–754 (2011).
Google Scholar
Lang, P. J., McTeague, L. M. & Bradley, M. M. Pathological anxiety and function/dysfunction in the brain’s fear/defense circuitry. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 32, 63–77 (2014).
Google Scholar
Taylor, S. et al. Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. Psychol. Assess. 19, 176–188 (2007).
Google Scholar
McNally, R. J. Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 52, 938–946 (2002).
Google Scholar
Kemper, C. J., Lutz, J., Bahr, T., Ruddel, H. & Hock, M. Construct validity of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 in clinical samples. Assessment 19, 89–100 (2012).
Google Scholar
Kemper, C. J., Ziegler, M. & Taylor, S. Überprüfung der psychometrischen Qualität der deutschen Version des Angstsensitivitätsindex-3. Diagnostica 55, 223–233 (2009).
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R. & Jacobs, G. A. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Consulting Psychologists Press, 1983).
Laux, L., Glanzmann, P., Schaffner, P. & Spielberger, C. D. STAI: State-Trait-Angstinventar (Beltz, 1981).
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Monahan, P. O. & Löwe, B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: Prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann. Intern. Med. 146, 317–325 (2007).
Google Scholar
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W. & Löwe, B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 1092–1097 (2006).
Google Scholar
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L. & Williams, J. B. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 16, 606–613 (2001).
Google Scholar
Löwe, B., Kroenke, K. & Gräfe, K. Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2). J. Psychosom. Res. 58, 163–171 (2005).
Google Scholar
Sirri, L., Grandi, S. & Fava, G. A. The Illness Attitude Scales. A clinimetric index for assessing hypochondriacal fears and beliefs. PPS 77, 337–350 (2008).
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L. & Williams, J. B. W. The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom. Med. 64, 258–266 (2002).
Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. et al. The Startle-Evoked Potential. Negative affect and severity of pathology in anxiety/mood disorders. Biol. Psychiatry 3, 626–634 (2018).
Lang, P. J. A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology 16, 495–512 (1979).
Google Scholar
Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J. & Bauer, D. J. Computational tools for probing interactions in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 31, 437–448 (2006).
Hedman, E. et al. Optimal cut-off points on the health anxiety inventory, illness attitude scales and whiteley index to identify severe health anxiety. PLoS ONE 10, e0123412 (2015).
Google Scholar
James, G., Hastie, T., Witten, D. & Tibshirani, R. An Introduction to Statistical Learning: With Applications in R (Springer Texts in Statistics) 2013th edn. (Springer, 2013).
Farrar, D. E. & Glauber, R. R. Multicollinearity in regression analysis: The problem revisited. Rev. Econ. Stat. 49, 92 (1967).
Duricki, D. A., Soleman, S. & Moon, L. D. F. Analysis of longitudinal data from animals with missing values using SPSS. Nat. Protoc. 11, 1112–1129 (2016).
Google Scholar
Lang, P. J. Imagery in therapy: An information processing analysis of fear. Behav. Ther. 8(5), 862–886 (1977).
Ji, J. L., Heyes, S. B., MacLeod, C. & Holmes, E. A. Emotional mental imagery as simulation of reality: Fear and Beyond-A Tribute to Peter Lang. Behav. Ther. 47, 702–719 (2016).
Google Scholar
Benke, C., Alius, M. G., Hamm, A. O. & Pané-Farré, C. A. Defensive mobilization during anticipation of symptom provocation: Association with panic pathology. Biol. Psychiatry 8, 397–405 (2023).
Benke, C., Alius, M. G., Hamm, A. O. & Pané-Farré, C. A. Decreased defensive reactivity to interoceptive threat after successful exposure-based psychotherapy in patients with panic disorder. Transl. Psychiatry 11, 1–11 (2021).
Melzig, C. A., Michalowski, J. M., Holtz, K. & Hamm, A. O. Anticipation of interoceptive threat in highly anxiety sensitive persons. Behav. Res. Ther. 46, 1126–1134 (2008).
Google Scholar
Cuthbert, B. N., Bradley, M. M. & Lang, P. J. Probing picture perception: Activation and emotion. Psychophysiology 33, 103–111 (1996).
Google Scholar
Vrana, S. R., Spence, E. L. & Lang, P. J. The startle probe response: A new measure of emotion?. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 97, 487–491 (1988).
Google Scholar
Alvarez, R. P., Chen, G., Bodurka, J., Kaplan, R. & Grillon, C. Phasic and sustained fear in humans elicits distinct patterns of brain activity. Neuroimage 55, 389–400 (2011).
Google Scholar
Sabatinelli, D., Bradley, M. M., Fitzsimmons, J. R. & Lang, P. J. Parallel amygdala and inferotemporal activation reflect emotional intensity and fear relevance. Neuroimage 24, 1265–1270 (2005).
Google Scholar
Burkhardt, A. et al. Brain activation during disorder-related script-driven imagery in panic disorder: A pilot study. Sci. Rep. 9, 2415 (2019).
Google Scholar
Costa, V. D., Lang, P. J., Sabatinelli, D., Versace, F. & Bradley, M. M. Emotional imagery: Assessing pleasure and arousal in the brain’s reward circuitry. Hum. Brain Map. 31, 1446–1457 (2010).
Lang, P. J. & McTeague, L. M. The anxiety disorder spectrum: Fear imagery, physiological reactivity, and differential diagnosis∗. Anxiety Stress Coping 22, 5–25 (2009).
Google Scholar
McTeague, L. M., Lang, P. J., Wangelin, B. C., Laplante, M.-C. & Bradley, M. M. Defensive mobilization in specific phobia: Fear specificity, negative affectivity, and diagnostic prominence. Biol. Psychiatry 72, 8–18 (2012).
Google Scholar
Opdensteinen, K. D. et al. “The mere imagination scares me”: Evidence for fear responses during mental imagery of pain-associated interoceptive sensations in adolescents with chronic pain. Pain 10, 1097 (2022).
Holtz, K., Pané-Farré, C. A., Wendt, J., Lotze, M. & Hamm, A. O. Brain activation during anticipation of interoceptive threat. Neuroimage 61, 857–865 (2012).
Google Scholar
Wells, A. & Hackmann, A. Imagery and core beliefs in health anxiety: Content and origins. Behav. Cogn. Psychother. 21, 265–273 (1993).
Sunderland, M., Newby, J. M. & Andrews, G. Health anxiety in Australia: Prevalence, comorbidity, disability and service use. Br. J. Psychiatry 202, 56–61 (2013).
Google Scholar
Holmes, E. A., Arntz, A. & Smucker, M. R. Imagery rescripting in cognitive behaviour therapy: Images, treatment techniques and outcomes. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 38, 297–305 (2007).
Google Scholar
Hoyer, J. et al. Worry exposure versus applied relaxation in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychother. Psychosom. 78, 106–115 (2009).
Google Scholar
Boettcher, H., Brake, C. A. & Barlow, D. H. Origins and outlook of interoceptive exposure. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 53, 41–51 (2016).
Google Scholar
Sauer, K. S. & Witthöft, M. Inhibitory learning versus habituation in an experimental exposure intervention for people with heightened health anxiety: Increase of distress tolerance as a joint mechanism of change?. J. Exp. Psychopathol. 13, 204380872211387 (2022).
Weck, F., Neng, J. M. B., Richtberg, S., Jakob, M. & Stangier, U. Cognitive therapy versus exposure therapy for hypochondriasis (health anxiety): A randomized controlled trial. J. Cons. Clin. Psychol. 83, 665–676 (2015).
Hoppe, J. M., Holmes, E. A. & Agren, T. Exploring the neural basis of fear produced by mental imagery: Imaginal exposure in individuals fearful of spiders. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 376, 20190690 (2021).
Knutsson, J., Nilsson, J.-E., Eriksson, Å. & Järild, L. Imagery rescripting and exposure in social anxiety: A randomized trial comparing treatment techniques. J. Contemp. Psychother. 50, 233–240 (2020).
Raabe, S., Ehring, T., Marquenie, L., Olff, M. & Kindt, M. Imagery Rescripting as stand-alone treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 48, 170–176 (2015).
Google Scholar
Reinecke, A., Hoyer, J., Rinck, M. & Becker, E. S. Cognitive-behavioural therapy reduces unwanted thought intrusions in generalized anxiety disorder. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 44, 1–6 (2013).
Google Scholar
Nilsson, J.-E., Knutsson, J., Jalamo, B.-S. & Lundh, L.-G. Imagery rescripting of early memories in health anxiety disorder: A feasibility and non-randomized pilot study. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 65, 101491 (2019).
Google Scholar
